Arts

Kathā-sarit-sāgara was composed in the eleventh century CE (between 1063 and 1081 CE) based on the Bṛhatkathā, which was in paiśācī prākṛta; the Bṛhatkathā-mañjarī, which is similar to this treatise, but smaller in size, also belongs to the same period. Another work which is older than the two and is probably closer in its narrative to the original is the Bṛhatkathā-śloka-saṅgraha – it was composed either in the eighth or the ninth Century CE.

Sāṅkṛtyāyanī had designed a play that showcased the manner in which Vatsa-rāja, who taught music to Vāsavadattā fell in love with her. The play was planned to be staged in the royal court; Araṇyakā was to play the role of Vāsavadattā and Manoramā, the role of Vatsa-rāja. Araṇyakā’s friends Manoramā and vidūṣaka planned to use the occasion to enable the king and his newfound love to unite with each other. Accordingly, instead of Manoramā, Vatsa-rāja himself ended up playing his role as a part of the play; he used the opportunity to engage in romantic exchanges with Araṇyakā.

Jayāpīḍa (around 800 CE) says that Ratnāvalī was authored by the king. Jayadeva (around 11^th Century CE) also concurs with this opinion – he says that the play is by Harṣavardhana. Madhusūdana (circa. 1654 CE) calls him kavi-jana-mūrdhanya and ratnāvalyākhya nāṭikā-kārtā.[1] In fact, we don’t even have to rely upon external testimonies to attest that Harṣa was a poet and a playwright.

We know the biographical details of only a few kings who ruled ancient India.  Other than Candragupta Maurya and Aśoka, the most famous of them, we know about Harṣavardhana to a great extent; Bāṇa-bhaṭṭa’s Harṣacarita, Hiuen Tsang’s (Xuanzang) travelogues as well as the inscriptions of Harṣa and Immaḍi Pulikeśi (Pulikeśi II) are valuable sources.

The nature of various characters in the play is clear. In the world of Sanskrit literature, it is rare to find such well-defined characters and sets of events that naturally progress from one to another. It wouldn’t be wrong to say that in the triad constituted by the plot, emotion, and characterisation, the last, i.e., the characterisation in the play merits the best applause; the plot naturally depends on character.

Because he was so smart, Cāṇakya always exercised caution in his actions; he was all eyes at all times; he was able to estimate the enemy’s strategy by merely listening to Dāruvarmā’s replies and Stanakalaśa’s poems; he gathered the kind of ploys Rākṣasa had plotted to eliminate Candragupta and came up with counter-strategies for each. He ensured that the deeds of his enemies only worked against those who had hatched the plans.

The Viṣṇu- and the Bhāgavata-purāṇas narrate the story of Candragupta Maurya in brief. However, as Dhanika says, it is quite likely that the seed story of the Mudrārākṣasa is from the Bṛhatkathā. We don’t have enough evidence to claim that there was another historical work which could have served as the basis for the plot of the play. The core of the play is historical; however, the poet has added a great amount of detail to the story out of his creative imagination.

The following is a summary of the story of the play Mudrārākṣasa –

We can gather quite a few biographical details about Viśākhadatta from the prastāvanā of his play Mudrārākṣasa; he was the grandson of Vaṭeśvara-datta and the son of Bhāskara-datta (or Pṛthu). However, it is quite difficult to ascertain who these men were and where they lived; it is also challenging to arrive at a fair estimate of the period in which they existed. The bharata-vākya of the play reads –

vārāhīm-ātmayonestanumavanavidhāvāsthitasyānurūpāṃ

From the discussion carried out so far, I hope the reader does not come to the conclusion that Kālidāsa is conservative or is always other-worldly in his thoughts; he lays emphasis on family life, especially in children, as evident from his literary works; he always professes dharma to be practised at all levels; one must do it with dedication and through the proper process; all such activities are dependent on the availability of resources, especially on money; if we are dedicated and follow the right set of procedures, resources will naturally follow (7.29).