Author:hari

The State of Īśvara

From the perspective of the visible world, the invisible and divisionless part of the universe, Supreme Brahman is known as Īśvara or Parameśvara. When the pure, formless, and actionless Brahman assumes the position of the universal controller, it is known as Parameśvara. There are no differences such as the ruler and ruled in the transcendental state of Brahman. When that consciousness exists as part of the world and is seen as the ruler of the universe, it is known as Īśvara.

ಊನಗಣ-ಅಂತ್ಯಪ್ರಾಸ

The novel ‘Mandra’ by S. L. Bhyrappa which appeared in 2002 is unique in several respects. It is woven around music and musicians. It is not only a tour de force as novel-writing goes; it is in a class by itself because of the high degree of its sensitivity, multi-layered structure, richness of insight and extra-ordinary narrative skill. The work is a great deal more than mere story-telling; its portrayal of characters and its thematic intensity are of epic dimensions. The dialogues have a lyrical quality one seldom expects in a work of fiction. (More about this later).

Yakshagaana

Let us examine the qualities that the extempore delivery of dialogues on the stage should ideally possess. Adherence to śruti, though important, is not the only aspect that needs to be cared for. Pronunciation of every syllable should be accurate. Depending on the situation, appropriate words, syllables, and punctuations must be appropriately emphasized. Artistes should modulate their voice as per the emotion that needs to be expressed. In addition to these, pauses, accurate splitting of words, and silences at appropriate places also strengthen emotive expression.

Summary

Whatever is essential and uniquely great in this world is to be understood as a salient mark of Brahma’s power. Whatever quality endows a thing with usefulness and value belongs to the power of Brahma.

ಅಂತ್ಯಪ್ರಾಸ

ಅಂತ್ಯಪ್ರಾಸದ ಇತಿಹಾಸವು ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ. ವಿಶೇಷತಃ ರಗಳೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು-ಎರಡು ಸಾಲುಗಳು ಯುಗ್ಮಕಗಳೆಂಬಂತೆ ಅಂತ್ಯಪ್ರಾಸದೊಡನೆ ಸೇರಿ ಬರುತ್ತವೆ. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಆದಿಪ್ರಾಸವಿದ್ದರೂ ಇಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ ಅಂತ್ಯಪ್ರಾಸ ನಿಯತವಾಗಿ ಬರುವುದು ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ. ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಕೃತ-ಅಪಭ್ರಂಶಗಳ ಗೀತಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಅಂತ್ಯಪ್ರಾಸವನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು.[1] ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಆದಿಪ್ರಾಸವಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಇದರ ಮುಂದುವರಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಹಿಂದೀ ಮೊದಲಾದ ಉತ್ತರಭಾರತದ ಭಾಷೆಗಳ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು.

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂತ್ಯಪ್ರಾಸವು ರಗಳೆಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ತೋರಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಕ್ರಮವನ್ನು ಈ ಕೆಲವು ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳು ನಿರೂಪಿಸುತ್ತವೆ:

ಅಪೌರುಷೇಯವೆನಿಸಿದ ವೇದವಾಙ್ಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾಸಬದ್ಧವಾದ ಅನೇಕ ಪಂಕ್ತಿಗಳಿವೆ. ಆದಿಕವಿ ವಾಲ್ಮೀಕಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾಸಾನುಪ್ರಾಸಗಳ ಸಮೃದ್ಧಿಯನ್ನು ಕಾಣಬಹುದು. ಅಷ್ಟೇಕೆ, ಭಾರತೀಯ ಭಾಷೆಗಳೆಲ್ಲ ಸಹಜವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಾಸಾನುಪ್ರಾಸಗಳಿಗೆ ಒಗ್ಗಿಬಂದಿವೆ. ನಮ್ಮ ಅನುದಿನದ ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಗಾದೆಮಾತುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಜಾನಪದರ ಗೇಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ನಾಟಕ-ಸಿನೆಮಾಗಳ ಹಾಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾಸಾನುಪ್ರಾಸಗಳದೇ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ. ಪ್ರಾಸದ ಮೂಲಕ ಎಂಥ ಗಹನ ವಿಚಾರವನ್ನೂ ಮನಸ್ಸಿಗೆ ಹತ್ತಿರ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು.

One day, I quoted the following verse by poet Bhavabhūti to him.

बहिः सर्वाकारप्रगुणरमणीयं व्यवहरन्
पराभ्यूहस्थानान्यपि तनुतराणि स्थगयति
जनं विद्वानेकः सकलमभिसन्धाय कपटैः
तटस्थः स्वानर्थान्घटयति च मैौनं च भजते
[A “genius” indulges in every activity while making his adversaries unaware of even the minute flaws in his plans, he misleads others to think as though he is indifferent of the outcomes but gets the results in his favour, keeps himself silent too.]