Around Samasyā-pūraṇa: Analysing Literary Creativity - 7

This article is part 7 of 9 in the series Samasyā-pūraṇa

“Crescent moon appears on Śiva’s neck”:

उमानर्मविलासोद्यन्नखरक्षतहेतुना।

ग्रीवायामर्धचन्द्रोसौ चन्द्रचूडस्य दृश्यते[1]

Caught in throes of love, Umā adorned her husband with her nail-mark. It appears like the crescent moon on Śiva’s neck.

The challenge has taken up two whole lines, necessitating the solution to be pithy. Fulfilling this requirement admirably, the poet has composed a single long compound as the solution. The beauty of the solution opens up to readers when they realise that Śiva’s neck was blue, the colour of the sky, against which the crescent moon appears vivid. 

“A hundred moons appear in the sky”:

विधे पिधेहि शुभ्रांशुमद्यैकोऽपि सुदुस्सहः।

कुरु प्रियासमाश्लेषे शतचन्द्रं नभस्स्थलम्[2]

O Fate, conceal the moon for just this one night—he’s too unbearable. When I’m in the arms of my beloved, may a hundred moons adorn the sky.

The solution is based on the poetic convention that the moon causes unspeakable distress to lovers in separation.

“Rāma abandons his two wives and sports with a third”:

रामो भार्याद्वयं त्यक्त्वा तृतीयामेव सेवते

लज्जा कीर्तिस्तथा सीता तिस्रो रामं हि वव्रिरे॥[3]

Sītā, Lajjā (modesty), and Kīrti (fame) were Rama’s wives. Forsaking his two wives, Rāma is engaged with the third alone.  

The solution is based on the banishment of Sītā. However, the order in which the three wives are mentioned is faulty.

“A beautiful woman loved a hermit”:

परिव्राजकमात्मीयमकरोद्वरवर्णिनी

सुभद्रा कृष्णभगिनी कुहनावेषधारिणम्॥[4]

Subhadrā, Kṛṣṇa’s sister, gave herself to Arjuna who’d come in the guise of a saint. And hence, a beautiful woman loved a hermit.

“Gaurī is uninterested to unite with her husband”:

आश्लेषे परिपन्थिनस्तु फणिनः कण्ठग्रहे दारदो

मौलौ नर्मपदप्रहारविभवे स्पर्धालुरिन्दुर्नवः।

लालाटानल आस्यचुम्बनविधौ वैरी रतोद्दीपने

गङ्गैव प्रतियोगिनीत्थमभवे गौरी न भोगोत्सुका[5]

I can’t embrace him; wily snakes repel it. I can’t put my arm round his neck; poison prevents me. I can’t playfully place my foot on his head; the moon competes with me. I can neither kiss him on the forehead nor develop steam in love making; fire forbids it. And then there is my arch-rival Gaṅgā! Thinking thus, Gaurī is uninterested to unite with her husband.

This is an ornate verse replete with many apt details. Composing such a verse extempore is rather difficult, since it expects a certain leisure and composure.  

“Dawn broke during night”:

वसन्तशीतांशुपुरस्सरोऽसौ

प्रवर्तितः काममहो मनोज्ञः।

अबीरसेकात्परितः प्रजानां

राकानिशायामरुणोदयोभूत्[6]

When the moon rose on the day of Holi, people played around with crimson jets of water. Thus, it was dawn during night.

The usage of the rare word ‘abīra’ and the allusion to Holi speak volumes of the poet’s erudition and creativity.

“A proud young man doesn’t look at himself in the mirror”:

ऋजुतामानी नित्यं

भजते ननु चौक्षमेव सततं जगति।

विपरीतदर्शनतया

दर्पणविमुखो बभूव दर्पकयुवकः[7]

A self-righteous swears by puritanism. Scared of lateral inversion, such a proud young man doesn’t look at himself in the mirror!

This humorous verse takes a jibe at all puritans. That the poet has employed an idea related to inversion in mirror-images is a telling sign of his keen observational powers. The rare word used to denote obsessive purity (caukṣa) is noteworthy.  

Kā-khā-gā-ghā”:

ए-बी-सी-डी-विद्याभासे विद्याभ्यासे चास्मिन्देशे।

प्रायः स्वप्नेऽप्यासाद्यो नो देशीयोक्त्या काखागाघा[8]

In our country, education equates to learning the English alphabet—a-b-c-d-… In this state of affairs, it is nigh impossible to even dream of education in regional languages—ka-kha-ga-gha-…

This is an acerbic reflection on the state of affairs of modern Indian education.

Gulu-guggulu-guggulu”:

बेङ्गलूरुपुरे नित्यं जलाभावाभिभाविते।

रवः कदापि नाले स्याद्गुलुगुग्गुलुगुग्गुलु[9]

In Bengaluru city that is afflicted by perpetual shortage of water, there’s a tiny chance of hearing the taps go gulu-guggulu-guggulu.

This challenge is found in Bhoja-prabandha. While the solution in that work presents a pleasant picture of nature, the present solution, as a contrast, is witty. 

“Legless trees run around”:

‘मेक्बेथ्’नाम्नि ख्याते मनोहरे रूपके नु चरमाङ्के।

‘बर्नं’काननसंस्थाः पदरहिताः पादपास्तु धावन्ति[10]

In the last act of Macbeth, the wonderful play, in the form of Birnam forest,

legless tress run around.  

This is a classic case of the solution being entirely based on erudition. The allusion to a Shakespearean play in a Sanskrit verse is novel. Being able to freely draw ideas from the wide lore of world literature is one of the advantages of a modern poet.

“Sun shines brightly during night”:

यात्रासु दीर्घविशदासु विमानयाने

स्मृत्वा स्वदेशसमयं किल भारतीयः।

वातायने च सुनिशम्य विचित्रमूचे

रात्रौ रराज रविरम्बरमध्यसंस्थः[11]

Bounded on a long journey in an airplane, an Indian couldn’t take off Indian Standard Time (IST) from his mind. Looking out of the window, he exclaimed, “Sun is shining bright during night!”



[1] Ibid., p. 289

[2] Pisupāṭi Cidambara-śāstri-gāri jīvita-caritra, avadhāna-sāhityam, p. 112

[3] Śatāvadhāna-surabhāratī-saurabham, p. 28

[4] Avadhāna-vidyā-sarvasvamu, p. 777

[5] Ibid., p. 290

[6] Ibid., p. 291

[7] Ibid., p. 292

[8] Ibid., p. 326

[9] Ibid.

[10] Ibid.

[11] Ibid., p. 331–32

To be continued.

 

Author(s)

About:

Dr. Ganesh is a 'shatavadhani' and one of India’s foremost Sanskrit poets and scholars. He writes and lectures extensively on various subjects pertaining to India and Indian cultural heritage. He is a master of the ancient art of avadhana and is credited with reviving the art in Kannada. He is a recipient of the Badarayana-Vyasa Puraskar from the President of India for his contribution to the Sanskrit language.

About:

Shashi Kiran B N holds a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering and a master's degree in Sanskrit. His interests include Indian aesthetics, Hindu scriptures, Sanskrit and Kannada literature and philosophy.

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Vanitakavitotsavah

इदं खण्डकाव्यमान्तं मालिनीछन्दसोपनिबद्धं विलसति। मेनकाविश्वामित्रयोः समागमः, तत्फलतया शकुन्तलाया जननम्, मातापितृभ्यां त्यक्तस्य शिशोः कण्वमहर्षिणा परिपालनं चेति काव्यस्यास्येतिवृत्तसङ्क्षेपः।

Vaiphalyaphalam

इदं खण्डकाव्यमान्तं मालिनीछन्दसोपनिबद्धं विलसति। मेनकाविश्वामित्रयोः समागमः, तत्फलतया शकुन्तलाया जननम्, मातापितृभ्यां त्यक्तस्य शिशोः कण्वमहर्षिणा परिपालनं चेति काव्यस्यास्येतिवृत्तसङ्क्षेपः।

Nipunapraghunakam

इयं रचना दशसु रूपकेष्वन्यतमस्य भाणस्य निदर्शनतामुपैति। एकाङ्करूपकेऽस्मिन् शेखरकनामा चित्रोद्यमलेखकः केनापि हेतुना वियोगम् अनुभवतोश्चित्रलेखामिलिन्दकयोः समागमं सिसाधयिषुः कथामाकाशभाषणरूपेण निर्वहति।

Bharavatarastavah

अस्मिन् स्तोत्रकाव्ये भगवन्तं शिवं कविरभिष्टौति। वसन्ततिलकयोपनिबद्धस्य काव्यस्यास्य कविकृतम् उल्लाघनाभिधं व्याख्यानं च वर्तते।

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Bharatilochana

ಮಹಾಮಾಹೇಶ್ವರ ಅಭಿನವಗುಪ್ತ ಜಗತ್ತಿನ ವಿದ್ಯಾವಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮರೆಯಲಾಗದ ಹೆಸರು. ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಶೈವದರ್ಶನ ಮತ್ತು ಸೌಂದರ್ಯಮೀಮಾಂಸೆಗಳ ಪರಮಾಚಾರ್ಯನಾಗಿ  ಸಾವಿರ ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಂದ ಇವನು ಜ್ಞಾನಪ್ರಪಂಚವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಭಾವಿಸುತ್ತಲೇ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ. ಭರತಮುನಿಯ ನಾಟ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಇವನೊಬ್ಬನೇ ನಮಗಿರುವ ಆಲಂಬನ. ಇದೇ ರೀತಿ ರಸಧ್ವನಿಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತವನ್ನು...

Vagarthavismayasvadah

“वागर्थविस्मयास्वादः” प्रमुखतया साहित्यशास्त्रतत्त्वानि विमृशति । अत्र सौन्दर्यर्यशास्त्रीयमूलतत्त्वानि यथा रस-ध्वनि-वक्रता-औचित्यादीनि सुनिपुणं परामृष्टानि प्रतिनवे चिकित्सकप्रज्ञाप्रकाशे। तदन्तर एव संस्कृतवाङ्मयस्य सामर्थ्यसमाविष्कारोऽपि विहितः। क्वचिदिव च्छन्दोमीमांसा च...

The Best of Hiriyanna

The Best of Hiriyanna is a collection of forty-eight essays by Prof. M. Hiriyanna that sheds new light on Sanskrit Literature, Indian...

Stories Behind Verses

Stories Behind Verses is a remarkable collection of over a hundred anecdotes, each of which captures a story behind the composition of a Sanskrit verse. Collected over several years from...